7.127.                  As has already been mentioned, comprehensive gauging and analysis of employment in tourism industries on the basis of only one statistical source is hardly feasible. The integration of data from different sources is therefore a preferable alternative. This approach yields more comprehensive information, provides a better overview and a more consistent picture, and results in a more accurate analysis (see IRTS 2008, para. 7.34). 

7.128.                  Box VII.17 illustrate how tourism employment is measured by applying tourism ratios from the Tourism Satellite Account.

Box VII.17 

Measuring tourism employment by applying tourism ratios: example of Austria 

In Austria, the measurement   of employment in tourism is based on the concepts of the TSA (see TSA: RMF 2008. chap. 4, table 7), which enables a more comprehensive picture to be   provided of the tourism industry’s impact on the labour market, based on the   defined “tourism industries”. This entails defining tourism from the activity‑classification   point of view, including industries that offer products and services not only   to visitors, but also to non‑visitors, since, e.g., local residents also   contribute to these tourism industries. In particular in some regions, the   selected tourism industries can also provide products and services to non‑visitors   and in this regard the proportion of tourism demand might range between   nearly 0 and 100 percent. 

The demand side has   therefore to be integrated if a more comprehensive picture of the   interlinkages between tourism supply and demand is to be obtained. This is   done by applying the relevant “tourism ratios”, based on TSA: RMF 2008 (chap. 4, table 6) to the corresponding tourism industry. It is only   on this basis that certain share of total employment in the tourism   industries can be attributed to tourism (tourism ratio). 

However, it has to be   clarified for the data user, that, owing to the integration of the demand   side and the application of tourism ratios, there will be a certain   inconsistency with respect to other employment figures from administrative   data sources i.e., the results from the application of table 7 of TSA: RMF 2008 cannot be   compared directly with figures from social insurance carriers, the results   from the labour force survey or figures from business statistics, for   instance.

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Source: Laimer, P. and Öhlböck, P. (2008).

7.129.                  The remainder of the present section offers illustration of derived measures of some special aspects of employment in the tourism industries produced by countries with advanced systems of tourism statistics[1]. 

7.130.                  Spain collects data and prepares tables and charts on employment in tourism industries by type of contract see Figure VII.5. The Canadian Tourism Labour Market Information System carries information that permits the profiling of persons employed in Canadian tourism industries according to a number of demographic characteristics, such as school attendance, mother tongue, place of birth and equity groups (see Box VII.18). For example, in 2006, Canada’s workers in tourism workforce, were slightly more likely to be members of visible minorities than workers in Canada’s overall workforce[2]. 

Figure VII.5 

Workers by sex and type of tourism contract, fourth quarter of 2012: example of Spain

Source: Compiled based on data from Encuesta de Coyuntura Laboral (ECL) (Short‑term labour survey) (Spain, Ministry of Employment and Social Security, 2013)

7.131.                  Canada and Spain publish unemployment data. The same analytical approach is applied to monthly and annual LFS data to reveal the monthly and average annual unemployment levels and rates for the tourism industries[3] compared with those employed for workers in the overall economy. In the determination of unemployment rates, industry classifications North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) at the 4‑digit level are based on the most recent job held within the past year, which is self‑identified by the respondent. Examples of questions to be used in identifying tourism unemployment are given in Annex III (questions 61‑63).

Box  VII.18 

Demographic   characteristics of persons employed in tourism industries: example of Canada

In   a pioneering work, the Canadian Tourism Human Resource Council (based on the   LFS as the primary source of information) asked questions on union membership   and coverage by collective agreements in tourism industries.

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Source: Canadian Tourism Human   Resource Council (2009).

a)   Collège d’enseignement general et professionnel (general and vocational   college)

 

[3] As determined by the Canadian Tourism Satellite Account, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industries in the tourism sector as Canadian tourism industries include those that would cease or continue to exist only at a significantly reduced level of activity as a direct result of an absence of tourism.