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11.32. As in the case of mode 2 persons, border and household surveys are also an interesting source both for all types of incoming and outgoing employees and for self-employed mode 4 persons. Information regarding residence, as well as identification of the employer-employee relationship of the individuals, will be crucial as household surveys cover only resident persons. Finally, as for mode 2, the data will most probably need to be combined, in particular for compiling breakdowns, to obtain relevant data on the number of mode 4 movements/persons, e.g., through the use of data on characteristics sourced from surveys of persons or households, combined with counts of those crossing borders. Data from partner countries may be particularly useful for capturing the relevant information for sending countries.
Next: E. Country experiences (Chapter 11)