Estimations by Turkey’s shuttle trade are based on a Survey for the Shuttle Trade (see figure below) conducted quarterly by the Statistics Institute of Turkey at specific border crossings. To estimate the shuttle trade, the expenditures on the goods are expanded by the number of foreign visitors who are involved in the shuttle trade, which is estimated by using the ratio of the number of foreign visitors, who in the departing visitors survey are reported as having purchased products in bulk to be sold abroad, to the total number of foreign visitors who responded to this survey. The box IV.2 Survey for the Shuttle Trade has been conducted since 2003.